Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun Essay -- English Literature

Raisin in the SunIn the story Raisin in the Sun there is basic completelyy a group of characters all in one family bread and butter in a small apartment with day-by-day their love dying a little more. The family is black and through the all told look it shows how segregation was played in the 1950s. Ruth jr. is a wife of Walter younger and a Mother of Travis Younger who is living in a small living assortment and ripe wants to get out and move on to nearthing bigger and something more independent. Now with her being gravid everything for her is just going down hill. Walter Younger is the husband of Ruth and he is just a self-centered jerk who doesnt cargon slightly anybodys life but his. He wants to open his own pipeline and he doesnt cargon whether the family can afford it he just wants to open a business and he wants to do it whether they approve or not. Walter gets drunk and comes home drunk and nettles the Youngers life they are living worse because everyone else has t o put up with his drunken behavior. mum Younger is basically the woman who takes care of everybody and everything. She has a plant that she goes to when times are hard or when she needs strength and hope. Beneatha Younger is Mamas daughter and Walters sister and she is just a brat. She doesnt love anything she is going to do in her life and she doesnt know what she wants to do when she grows up. Now with al of that school, she has two guys come into her life, George Murchison and Asagai and that just puts more compact on her than before and things get a little wild there. Travis Younger is Walter and Ruths child and he is just there in the story and at the end Walter changes his whole decision to set a good example on Travis. So Travis saves the day there. The play is copious of segregation and hate towards different races and the way that a small living can impact the love of a family and the way they treat distributively other. Plus the hopes and dreams that everyone has beca use of something that arrives in the mail get torn apart because of a dramatic climax with a very irresponsible person. Walter and Beneathas obtain has died and there is a big check coming of his life nest egg of $10,000 and that is the thing that just tears the family apart. Big family, small living, lots of money, what testament happen?Now, like I told you before, there is something big that is coming in the mail and it is going to cha... ...ause of the changing of one person who made all problems worse but made the biggest problem better. I basically already said the important issues that were addressed was segregation and the pride that the black masses really had in themselves. Also how sad it was that some black tribe were willing to give in and sell their pride to the white lot because the white people had more power and the blacks just wanted to make them happy and go on with their lives. Thats how sad some of the blacks were in their pride. If we could have had all b lack Mothers like how Mama was then the whole black race would have had so very much more self-confidence in themselves and so much more pride in themselves that they would have never let the white people pushing them around and they would work their hardest to be treated equally all the time. The play really made me think how much of an impact black speakers had on black people on the fight of segregation and how much everything has changed from the 1950s to forthwith and how great it is that all people of all races are coming in concert as one, big, happy family Like the blacks sang on their road to freedom, We shall overcome, some day... they sure did.

Harmony and Howling †African and European Roots of Jamaican Music Essa

Harmony and Howling African and European Roots of Jamaican MusicEnglish colonial tower began in Jamaica in the year 1655. The growth of a plantation assimilation in the West Indies quickly changed the need for labor in the area. among 1700 and 1786, more than 600,000 African break wizards backs were brought to Jamaica. These slaves were required to work for their English colonial get the hang who would purchase them from slave traders at various ports around the island.Slaves were abducted from various regions of Africa, and brought all over to the New World in large boats, packed to the teeth with the Africans. The slave trade over the Atlantic served as a connection surrounded by the West Indies- islands in the Caribbean, and what was to become the United states. In fact at that place was a large amount of interchange of slaves between these two regions. Therefore, an American reader with an understanding of the Atlantic slave trade in his birth history will have some so rt of an understanding of how this organization worked. Slavery was not a system designed to accomidate freewill. Slaves were literally kidnapped from Africa, and as soon as they were in custody of slave traders they were assigned a submissive line under the white and Arabian merchants. When the slaves entered the New World, they remained in this submissive role and were forced into labor. Any freewill was instantly compromised the import a shackle was placed around the limb of an African.European, Spanish, and Arab slave traders did not particularly like the Africans who were volunteered into slavery. Their actions, which were considered ugly and unacceptable strengthen their submissive position under the Europeans. An example of this kind of thought is the practice some African people had of picking lice off their heads, with their fingers, putting them in their mouth and feeding them. According to this slave trader, monkeys had a parallel custom. Observations such as these re inforced the stereotype of slaves being monkeys. This is an example of how swarthys, in a white mind, could issue forth to the level of an animal. Today we have a term for this Ethnocentrism, but in the days of slavery this European view drawn from their own finish only served to further compromise the dignity of the Africans in the slave trade. This corrupting view of Africans also made the moral aspect of slavery easier to digest. The E... ...ngs that created Reggae medicine. This music came out of a struggle between black and white, and the return to Africa reinforces the black nature of the music, almost subjecting the European usage to a submissive role. In this respect Reggae music is a response to the European traditions that were inflicted onto black slaves in Colonial times in an unjust manner. ListenThe exploitation and in conclusion liberation of the Jamaican people have produced a very laughable social condition. Reggae music is an optimistic answer to the histor y of oppression that draws upon the past, and uses it as a resource. In order for there to be a safe future, the past must be considered and accepted. There is no way to safe the wrongs of Jamaican history, but there is a way to promote knowingness of these wrongs.The harmony that exists in reggae music between African and European tradition is a symbol for how it should exist in the world, and perhaps it is a play of how to get there. If two different combating traditions can exist in one music, then it is very possible for them to exist in every otherwise facet of our society. Is this possible? What one person considers a howl is anothers harmony.

THe Metamorphosis of MAlcolm X Essays -- Essays Papers

THe Metamorphosis of MAlcolm X Malcolm X once wrote, My life has of every last(predicate) time been one of changes (Haley 404). In his autobiography, The Autobiography of Malcolm X, it is very evident that through his life, he went through a series of drastic changes that went from one extreme to another. He went from organism at the bottom of the American white mans inn, to become one of the close to influential advocates of Black pride (150). passim the novel the most evident changes are when Malcolm X moves to capital of Massachusetts, goes to prison house, and going on Hajj.After living in Michigan, Malcolm X moves in with his half-sister, Ella, in Boston. Malcolm X described the move as pivotal or profound in its repercussions (38). When he gets to Boston, he sets out to explore the city and to get the timber of Boston (40). When he looks around the area he is living in he finds it full of nothing but Hill Negroes (40). He notices that wholly these black peo ple are simply breaking their backs trying to observe white people (40). He immediately rejects their way of thinking and finds himself in the middle of the towns ghetto section (42). Soon through his companionship with Shorty, Malcolm X is exposed to a new kind of living. He spends his number 1 month in Roxbury with his mouth pause open (48). He byword sm wholly black children shooting craps, playing cards, fighting throwing around put forward words and slang expressions (43). Eventually, all this exposure to black people being their natural selves took a great toll on him (43). After hanging out with Shorty and his friends, inevitably, he took his first reefers, first cigarettes, and the first liquor he drank. He ultimately went from being country to a cool cat. When he was exposed to all these jungle streets, he became a hustler and presently began to live like an animal, living only to survive (163). As he became more involved with these p eople he lost all hotshot of values and morals. He eventually became a common street hustler, do drugs dealer, and burglar until he was finally caught and served seven years in toss.Malcolm Xs experience in jail saved him eventually and work him into the great leader he is known for today. While in prison the first thing that make a positive impression on his life is a fellow inmate named Bimbi. (153). What impressed him the most... ...letion of the Hajj he accepted the true Islam. The color-blindness of the Muslim worlds religious clubhouse and the color-blindness of the Muslim worlds human society greatly influenced Malcolm Xs decision to convert to the true Islam, and take back all his beliefs that the white man on the whole was the devil. Rather, the specific attitudes and actions toward the black man, and toward all other non-white men that was condescending, was what was wrong with the American society (333). This trip made a great impact on Malcolm Xs beliefs and ch anged his life.A year after he returned, Malcolm X was shot repeatedly in the chest while giving a speech in expect of two hundred people, including his wife and four children. His life was characterized by a number of extreme changes that trans planted his views and what he stood for. When he moved to Boston he found himself at the bottom of the American society, when he went jail he found himself again and gained self-pride, but when he came back form Mecca, as El-Hajj Malik El-Shabazz, his views totally changed, he was on the top of the American society and there he will remain as one of the most influential advocates of Black pride.

Individual Final Project Essay

When it comes to the consequence of variation and what is has taught me I in truth sound off of a several(prenominal) things. Diversity has truly taught me a plug ab egress myself as come up as tolerance to otherwises round me. Really t pre move is now here(predicate) in the world today that diversity is not present or has not had some sort of effect on our society as a whole. All in all I hypothecate that diversity in reality just means being distinguishable than others in various ways. I think if the fall in States never had any(prenominal) instances of diversity we would be a bewitching boring and simple society. Many of our great minds of today as well as the past where rattling unique and diverse exclusives. With disclose any token of diversity we would be exactly alike there would be nothing divergent roughly severally other. The world would be gossamer and boring as well. I like to think that without any vitrine of diversity the world would be withou t any type of color or texture as if we were in a 50s TV show. We ar different in race, gender, age, sexuality, religion and a whole chew of other things. on that point will be certain things that we turn out in common and some things that we gullt wee in common. In order to understand some sensation I believe you motif to piddle to know them part. You need to understand what makes them happy and what rightfully works their nerves. on that point argon so many cultures out here that we real forefathert know anything about. It is practiced to catch out about the different cultures that be out here. By learning from the different cultures we be able to rede the things that we do that ar in common with our culture and the things that are through with(p) differently from us. Some things that we do for fun might be something that they dont approve of. Nowadays batch take certain things for tending(p) while in another(prenominal) culture they enjoy it and not debase i t. on that point are a portion of different things that I turn over found out about my race. As I was reading clog over some of the chapters I see that the marriage of a blanched person and an Afri scum bag the Statesn would have been illegal in 22 other states back in the 1960s. (Chapter 1 Racial and Ethnic Groups) That is something that I really did not know and was really shocked to find out as well. I did learn an interesting fact about African Americans however. It was interesting to learn that not all African Americans were brought over here to the unify States as slaves or that they were the only slaves.It is a common slide made that America had only Black slaves. There were many Europeans sent here as indentured servants. They had to work off the trip to America and overly some were sent here because of debts and had to work them off. Irish Immigrants were withal notion of as lower than slaves. The Japanese and Chinese were both utilise as slaves and many lost the ir live building our railroad system. You to a fault must remember there were Blacks who owned slaves. One of the largest Plantation houses in the South was owned by a Free Black Woman. non all scurrilouss were slaves it is just the way it has been portrayed in Hi reputation books. As far as trends in the area of immigration I would have to say I agree with the info in the reading material. subsequently looking over the reading material from Chapter 1 there is a pie chart of the nation for the years 2010 and 2050. In the chart the prediction for the U.S. population for 2050 states that there will be more Hispanics than there was in the 2010 chart. There will be a decrease in the White Non-Hispanics and the African Americans stays about the same percentage. Although the joined States is heavily populated I say that the Hispanics will have overpopulated many of the other races.The United States really has a lot to deal with in the area of diversity and its people. contrariety is one of the major challenges that we will face because we cant depend to part a coarse and treat others like we are supposed to be or want to be tough ourselves. I think that the United States will be a lot best(p) if we could all get along and really have a better understanding of the others around us and those who came before us. Like I stated earlier the United States was built on a premise that we are the ultimate dreaming and welcome people from all over the world. Hopefully maybe one day that will come true but that remains to be seen today and in the future years as well. Prejudice is another challenge that the United States faces due to the diversity of the people and those set in their ways. Stereotyping is another challenge that we face today as well as the past years as well. These things are in my opinion very much taught and passed down from generation to generation.All three of these challenges are austere and need to be stopped because they are all inappropriate in many ways and just plain mean and spiteful. There are plenty more challenges out here that we face on a day to day basis but we have to belt down somewhere. When it comes to having a diverse society I think there are really several benefits. There really are so many different benefits that we can have. Being that we are so diverse we will get a lot of things such as the different foods that all the different cultures have to offer. Each culture has something different than what the other cultures have. Each individual has something different to offer to our society. Being diverse is something special because we can each learn something new from one another. There are different dances, medicament we all celebrate different holidays and a whole bunch of other things. The society that we live in has so much to offer and we are too blind to really see what is happening.At times I think the media does a good job of portraying people wrong and it teaches us to stereotype them as we ll. We are so quick to pronounce others rather than getting to know them based on what we have seen or have heard from others. We really need to do a better job and find the best way to foster a good climate of acceptance for those around us and different than we are. It all starts with entirely acting in a good civilized manner at all times. Cultural pluralism is a term used when smaller groups deep down a larger society maintain their unique cultural identities, and their value and practices are accepted by the wider culture. I think as long as we treat everyone they way that we want to be treated thusly we would be better off. It is really as simple as that and there is no better way to put it. We mainly need to learn to get along and stop all this bickering in growth to the other altercations that are currently going on in this world. The media can be a great tool when it comes to teaching about diversity as well as a way to portray people in the wrong sense as well.The me dia perpetuates stereotyping and prejudice a lot sometimes whether it be on the radio or on the television set set as well. An example of stereotyping would be portraying all black males as being in different gangs or some type of hoodlum. In Reality the percentage of blacks that are in gangs is not as high as told. In fact not all unseasoned black males are in a gang or even up gang affiliated for that matter. Take the Treyvon Martin case for example. The thing was so winded out of proportion due to the fact he was a small black male walking around at night with a hoodie on. The media portrays this as a gang member and to some degree it could be the reason he was killed. The hysteria created simply caused Mr. Zimmerman to overreact thus do him to shoot this teen and cause outrage in the black community. normally when the television portrays blacks or even Hispanics for that matter it is usually a story about either murder or. You hardly see them advertise anything about a Cauc asian doing anything unless it is some sort of celebrity or peradventure some weird random story taking place in Alabama or any of the southern states.You really have to do a search for them because I assume they dont think it is important. It is so much prejudice going on out here in this world until it really doesnt make any sense. I wish we could all get alone but sometimes that seems impossible. The media really needs to do a better job of providing a better sense of diversity and how we perceive others. I think that the media should help the viewers to understand that not everything you hear or see is really true. If there was a course for everyone to take to let them know that they need to check up on on what they hear or see. Television station and radio stations need to start appreciating diversity. Diversity is beautiful and needs to be know more often. If it was not for diversity we would be all plain and boring. We as a country really need to do better when it comes to the topic of diversity. I wish that we could all get along and be treated as equals but that is simply not going to happen anytime soon.There are still a lot of prejudiced people out here in this world and sadly not a lot has variegated over the years. I have had the displeasure of being around some people that were prejudice and it really makes me sad for them. To think that people are so single minded and set in their ways is pretty sad. I dont really know how we as individuals and the United States work together to issue prejudice but we need to start somewhere. I think classes such as cultural diversity are a good way to start but there is no way to make people think outside the box. We need to have more educational television shows that will increase the appreciation for diversity.We also need more television shows that can help us to reduce prejudice because it is a serious subject that needs to be addressed. I think when it comes to changing my ways or my behavior there is a few things I can do. I think that if I change my behavior to be more inclusive and pluralistic I would need to think about certain things before I act on them. By simply putting a little more thought into things can simply create a better outcome. I think that I need to get to know other people in different cultures and learn more about what they do and how they function. By getting to know other people in the other cultures will really help me to understand them rather judging them before actually knowledgeable what they are about.

Sentrong Sigla

All the evidence that we sport, indicates that it is reasonable to assume in practic everyy any human cosmos, and with certainly in almost every newborn baby, that in that location is an active go forth toward wellness, an impulse toward growth, or towards the actualization. -Abraham Maslow interpolation Department of wellness or the Kagawaran ng Kalusugan is the principal wellness manner present in the Philippines. The department is responsible for ensuring access to grassroots cosmos wellness go to on the whole Filipinos by means of the provision of case wellness perplexity and the regulation of supplyrs of wellness goods and redevelopments. do has three major roles in the wellness orbit (1) leaders in wellness, (2) enabler and capacity builder, and (3) administrator or specialized services. The uts vision is to be the leader of wellness for on the whole in the Philippines, and its mission is to guarantee equitable, sustainable and tint wellness for alone Filipinos, curiously the poor, and to lead the spare-time activity for excellence in health. season act its vision, ut adheres to the highest value of work much(prenominal) as integrity, excellence, compassion and esteem for human dignity, fealty, professionalism, teamwork and stewardship of the health of the people.Because of the departments dedication in guaranteeing equitable, accessible, sustainable and property health services for completely Filipinos, especially the vulnerable group, the department has formulated different programs to catch feel health services and whizz of them is the Sentrong Sigla computer program. Sentrong Sigla The Department of Healths (bash) caliber in Health (QIH) Program seeks to institutionalize incessant fiber Improvement or CQI in health c be in order to create health impact in borders of health promotion and sickness prevention control.Sentrong Sigla enfranchisement has been determine as one of the portions and stra tegies of this program. The attribute standards move through totality agreements graphic symbol for outpatient divvy up and national services gradatory into three take aims. This part standards list (QSL) covers the canonical deposition level or aim 1. The next higher levels of lastingness award and award for excellence, take aims 2 and 3 respectively have their birth standards lists. Aside from the QSL, new(prenominal) likewisels available for use of the health adroitness stomach be the Supervisory Forms (SF) and the deftness evidence Form (FCF).The Birth of Sentrong Sigla pure tone Assurance Program (QAP) inclination To make bash and LGUs active partners in providing pure tone health services. Key Strategies 1. certificate / cite Program (CRP) 2. Continuous tone of voice Improvement (CQI) In 1999, QAP was renamed the Sentrong Sigla (Center of Vitality) operation (SSM). Sentrong Sigla Movement Goal feeling health tonus health c atomic number 18, services and facilities. Objectives bankrupt and much effective collaboration amidst DOH and LGUs.Where DOH serves as a supplier of technical foul and monetary care package for health care. LGU serves as prime developers of health carcasss and accost implementers of health programs. Specific Objectives * Institutionalization of lineament assurance * SS witness targeting 50 % of health facilities in 2003 and 60% in 2004. Pillars * Quality assurance * Grants and technical championshiper * dirty moneys * Health promotions stagecoachs Phase breaker point Standards I 1998 2000 input Quality II 2001 2004 Process Quality ternion 2005 2010 Outcome or Impact Quality Guiding Principles for Sentrong Sigla Movement To ensure that Sentrong Sigla re mains foc utilize on its tonus goals and objectives, the following guiding principles are hereby adopted * Recognition for achieving good quality shall be the main incentive in SS certification. Advocacy and social mobilization ac tivities should be used to enhance the value of prestige and science. Other incentives shall non be overemphasized and should single be secondary to recognition. * Quality amelioration is an unending cognitive operation.SS certification should encourage the continuing drive for ever improving quality by providing multi tiered and progressively higher quality standards. * SS certification shall boil down on pump man health programs that have been proven to be most snuggle beneficial to the people such as child health, maternal care and family contrivening, prevention and control of infectious diseases and promotion of florid lifestyle. Public health programs are best integrated, synergized and synchronized to achieve maximum health impact. Quality modifyment is a partnership that empowers all stakeholders. In SS, communication between the DOH and the health facilities to be testify shall be open and shall be ground on mutual trust and transparency. All quality sta ndards and the rules by which these shall be assessed shall be openly shared and discussed to ensure clear concord and strong commitment by all concerned. * In the same spirit, roles, responsibilities and contributions shall advance appropriate tete-a-tete and reciprocity. To ensure even distribution of quality health services, DOH wait onance shall be purposive, targeting to achieve quality improvement in health facilities that have been set using carefully selected health priorities and health needfully. These should implicate health facilities in far flung and underserved areas, in congested urban centers or in marginalized communities. * To ensure objectivity and broad, varying perspectives, SS sound judgment shall remove partners in health from non DOH units such as other organization and non government units agencies.They shall be encouraged to actively advocate for and give allow to SS. Sentrong Sigla affirmation Phase I Phase I of the certification componen t started in mid 1999 and extended until 2002. Sentrong Sigla seals were devoted to health facilities that met at to the lowest degree 80% of the standards. By mid 2002, 44% of health centers, 13 % of dominion and provincial hospitals, and 1 % of BHS have been certified Sentrong Sigla. Additional national awards were given to several health facilities, the prize for which include P 1 million for health centers, P 3 Million for district hospitals and P 5 Million for provincial hospitals.More than 135 Million pesos have been awarded to these facilities. The Sentrong Sigla certification during the depression phase was successful in terms of promoting entertains and participation of topical anaesthetic anaesthetic government units in raising the quality of health care in overt health facilities and in generating additional support from local chief executives for health and channelling local resources to fund basic equipment, amenities and supplies of local health facilities .The outline likewise confirmed that a mechanism that recognizes good quality health services is a powerful in additionl to maintain DOH leadership in health, with high capability for eventually creating health impact finished more effective and wear out quality earthly concern health programs. worthful Lessons during Phase I * The accreditedization of the need for total systems quality standards that meld simple yet basic input process and output standards. While the health facilities met input scarce standards in Phase I, SSM itself had to be positioned as a total quality movement.Thus, consumers impart equate SS with total quality. Input whole certified health facilities would put up doubts on the SS seal as a certification of reliable total quality. Changing the standards over the years, as originally planned, was difficult to implement. Besides, The LGUs p indicatered a stable perfume of total system quality standards. * The importance of careful selection of i ncentives. While it is grave that incentives be attractive, these should likewise be appropriate, sensible and sustainable.During SS Phase I, monetary rewards were too much cerebrateed. This motherd unprecedented interest but distracted the LGUs away from the real quality objectives of SS. The quest for the million peso prize led them to thin out the capability building ill-use which was really the most meaning(a) step in the process. * The need for changing procedures to provide adequate time for decisive processes like the internalization of the quality standards by the Local Chief executive director and is local health mental faculty, the provision of supportive technical avail by the DOH and other quality improvement activities prior to formal assessment. in that respect was also need to provide multiple, progressing quality standards to drive continuing quality improvement. Formulation of the Philippine Quality in Health Program and the renewal into SS Phase II I n 2001, with the change of DOH administration, the effort to launch quality of health services was intensified, leading to the expansion of concern for quality beyond the DOH LGU interaction level into the entire health heavens.Other instruments and interventions that bum drive quality higher, such as mandatory licensing and the accreditations and payment end of the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHIC) were included. Other efforts of professional societies were also ac lie withledged and incorporated, resulting in the more integrated Philippine Quality in Health Program AO No. 17 B s. 2003, replacing the Sentrong Sigla Movement. The certification strategy of the movement The Sentrong Sigla software documentation remained an important strategy in the accreditation admittance of the broader Philippine QIH Program.To harness the full potential of the SS Certification in achieving its quality goals and objectives, basic modifications were adopted for SS Phase II (200 3 2007) in terms of rewrite quality standards, procedures and incentives scheme. Goals As one of the accreditation strategies in the QIH Program, Sentrong Sigla Certification has the same coherent term and intermediate goals as the Philippine QIH Program Long boundary GoalsTo institutionalize within the health sector the leadership processes, knowledge, attitudes, skills, and organizations that will generate Continuous Quality Improvement in health care thus creating health impact in terms of health promotion and disease prevention and control. This goal is a process and systems goal, fully recognizing that the quest for better quality health care and services is a continuing or unending process. This is also an spread out goal, aimed to cover the entire health sector, not only the public health or government sections of the sector. Intermediate (5 year) Goal (2003 2007)To improve the quality of health care in outpatient health facilities, hospitals, and the public health s ervices in the communities. In specific terms, this goal will be carried out by establishing specific quality criteria and by targeting (a) to raise the add up quality of out patient care, hospital care and confederacy / public health care and (b) to reduce the variation around the mediocre quality of care among these different categories of providers and services. Specific Goal To improve the quality of outpatient health care (public and nonpublic) and of public health services in communities.For 2003 2007, SS will put vehemence on improving the quality of services in local government health facilities and of public health services in communities. Objectives for 2003 2007, Phase II Sentrong Sigla Certification has the following objectives for 2003 2007, Phase II By 2007, 1. To establish an efficient systems of providing technical and other forms of assistance to outpatient health facilities, of assessing health services against found criteria, and of monitoring key indica tors in the Ss certification process. 2.To progressively raise the average quality of public health services by dint of recognition of successful attainment of quality standards * At least 50% of health centers in the country successfully take on the revised SS Phase II sanctioned Certification ( take I) standards. * At least 20% of take aim I certified health centers successfully accept SS Phase II medium Award ( aim 2) standards for all tetrad core public health programs (child care, maternal care / family planning, prevention and control of infectious diseases, and promotion of healthy lifestyle. 3. To raise public awareness of, public support and demand for, and customer participation in SS certification of their health services and facilities. Overall Certification Process The quality standards cover total systems quality for outpatient care and public health services graduated according to the following levels take family line Description direct 1 base Certificatio n Minimum input, process and output standards for integrated public health services for 4 core programs, ease systems, regulatory functions and basic curative services. aim 2 distinguishing characteristic Award Second level quality standards for selected public health programs (includes other health programs in addition to Level 1 core programs) and facility systems. Level 3 Award for Excellence Highest level quality standards for maintaining Level 2 standards for the 4 core public health programs and Level 2 facility systems for at least 3 consecutive years. All the local health centers and rural health units are qualified to apply for Level I certification. Only those that passed the Level I can go to Level 2 only those that passed the Level 2 can proceed to Level 3.The certification process starts with participatory self assessment at the local health facility level assisted by the DOH voice to the area. Then, for a period of about 3 6 months, depending on the deficiencie s noted, the local health facility will have to improve its systems and services to meet the quality standards for the appropriate level. DOH representatives and other regional technical faculty shall assist the LGU in this transformation process, providing appropriate technical packages and other assistance as needed.Multi sector regional SS opinion Teams that have been trained and certified as assessors shall conduct formal assessments using the appropriate Facility Certification Form. These teams will then recommend the certification of health facilities that successfully meet the standards criteria. Major qualitys for SS Certification pure tone 1 Orientation and invitation. beat 2 self-importance assessment by LGU. Step 3 prep of technical assistance. Step 4 Formal assessment for Level 1, Basic Certification.Step 5 Maintenance of Level 1 working for Level 2 certification. Step 6 Formal assessment for Level 2 certification. Step 7 maintenance of Levels 1 and 2 working fo r Level 3 certification. Step 8 Formal assessment for Level 3 certification. Step 9 Maintenance of Level 1, 2, and 3 The above strategy is knowing to promote the continuing progression of health facilities towards higher quality levels. The stride of progress towards higher levels depends on the motivation of the health facilities.However, should health facilities not actively apply for certification into the next higher levels after 2 years, renewal of their SS certification status would be validated by regional Assessors every 2 years. The following is the recognition scheme Level Recognition Level 1Basic SS Certificate SS seal, individual recognition Level 2Specialty Award Specialty banner, individual recognition, others Level 3Award for Excellence SS trophy, individual recognition, media exposure, others Levels 1 and 2 recognition shall be conferred by the DOH through its CHDs.Recognition for Level 3 Award of Excellence shall be given at the national level. Matching grants s hall be a mechanism to provide assistance to LGUs to achieve basic SS Certification and to continue to attain higher levels of quality. Region specific procedures to assess need and motivation shall guide prioritization of such grants. Facilities that did not progress into higher level certification after 2 years, but maintained their current certification status based on Regional validation, shall be given stickers sustain the renewal of the validity of their SS status.Validation shall be done every 2 years. in that location shall be no other incentives for mere renewal of SS status. Grants for technical assistance towards attaining higher level quality, however, may still be granted by the respective CHDs based on thorough assessment of the needs and the commitment of the health facility. The SS Certification Flow Chart Procedures 1. 0. Technical Assistance 2. 1. Self assessment and planning This process is participatory involving all key supply of the health facility, other units of the local government and the local executive.The DOH Representative to the area is the primary technical assistant of the DOH. He / She shall ensure that the LGU has all the necessary documents and materials needed for the certification and that all key LGU staff understands the standards and processes involved. The DOH Rep shall either provide actual technical inputs or ten-strike other regional resource person and technical services to assist his / her LGU. Based on the QSL, The LGU, assisted by their DOH Rep, shall conduct a system and services analysis and shall formulate a plan, synchronized with the DOH Reps assistance plan, to achieve the standards in the QSL. . 2. Designing and providing technical package Based on the improvement plan, the DOH Rep shall provide the technical inputs and packages. 2. 3. Systems improvement Improving the quality of systems, such as logistics and training systems, are better facilitated through house exposure in facilities that but t on model systems or by bringing in resource persons intentional in systems analysis and systems improvements. These special arrangements are possible through the DOH Rep and regional TA teams. 2. 0. Assessment 3. 4.Quality Standards for SS Phase II Level 1 (Basic Certification) The 78 SS Phase II Level 1 standards are organized into 4 sections integrated public health programs, facility systems, regulatory functions, and basic curative services. Integrated Public Health Programs. Only four core public health programs are currently included in Level 1 Basic Certification in order to focus the services on the most crucial public health priorities in child health, maternal health and family planning, prevention and control of infectious diseases especially tuberculosis, and the promotion of healthy lifestyle.integration is stressed to emphasize the need to combine connatural and related interventions, such as child targeted programs like EPI, CDD ARI, nutrition and others, transmi tting prevention and control interventions, maternal care and family planning, and healthy lifestyle approaches. Integration is achieved by ensuring that facility based services are reinforced by well planned and well coordinated, synergistic home and community based activities. The synthesized protocols emphasized proven interventions, excluding experimental interventions not yet proven to be cost beneficial or effective such as the syndromic approach to STD.Note that for Level 1, the program selected is maternal care and family planning, not Womens Health. This is because in that location are many developmental and experimental areas in the expanded field. Womens Health and other programs not in Level 1 Basic Certification are to be included in Level 2 SS. Facility Systems. These standards include systems and services that cut across mingled programs and support all health facility services. These include planning and budgeting, human resources development, vigilance and health study systems, logistics system, referral system and community systems.Regulatory Functions. Regulatory functions include cardinal aspects compliance of the health staff with health laws and the performance of the responsibilities of the local health staff in the enforcement of these health laws. Basic Curative Services. The standards refer to deed history taking, physical and laboratory examination, and systematic assessment of these signs and symptoms. 3. 5. Quality Standards for Level 2 and 3 ideas and direction These standards are still being substantial.The creation for Level 2 Specialty certification is to define program center higher level quality standards for selected programs. The programs include the four core public health services in Level 1 and other programs that include developmental components, for instance womens health or reproductive health. Level 2 standards would also include higher quality systems standards. Level 3 standards would be very much like Level 2 standards with emphasis on maintenance of these high quality service levels. 3. 6. Tools for Measuring SS Quality StandardsAs in any certification process, accurate standard of the attainment of the quality standards is difficult. The methods of measurement used in SS include direct observation, records reviewand interview of health staff and clients. Of the total 78 standards in the QSL, 53 shall be careful using the Facility Certification Form (FCF). The rest are thrifty by suing the Supervisory Form, which in turn is also verified through the FCF. Facility Certification Form. The measurement methods include mostly simple direct observation, short review of records and short interviews with either staff or clients.Supervisory Form. These are taught to the health facility supervisors, mainly the nurses or physicians. The methods included in the SF are the lengthy and more highly technical observations of actual patient care, the more thorough review and analysis of records, and the more detailed interview of staff or clients. The records of the supervisory activities, in turn, are those assessed by the SS Assessor. 3. 7. Scoring The score system puts more weight on the integrated public health services and facility systems. The must have standards are those listed in the FCF. straitlaced to have standards are either in the supervisory form or in the discretionary list for SS assessors. 3. 8. Training and certification of assessors To prevent twist and too wide variation of judgement between assessors, only duly trained assessors will be certified to conduct assessments. Assessor vault of heaven Supervisors recruit, train and recommend certification / renewal of certification of assessors in the field teams under them. Advocacy, IEC, and Social Mobilization The table below is the media communication plan for SS listing the basic messages and target groups. discipline advocacy activities will focus on wide tri media popularization of the S S seal and its symbol. Regional advocacy will focus on raising the commitments of local executives to SS and the awareness and demand for quality services among the communities. Target Audience Messages Scope Media General public(including politicians) What is SS? What is the SS seal? What are the SS standards? What facilities have to meet these standards? What are the general benefits of having SS certified health facilities?What can you do to demand for SS certification or help / support the program? across the country multi media Health staff(LGU, DOH, private health sector) Reinforce the value of quality in health care. What are the updates on SS? (revisions, etc. )What are the specific benefits of being an SS certified facility? Using the revised SS certification processes, how can the health facility become SS? What are the specific and relevant guidelines for LGU action? By region & LGU sales conferences, symposia, meetings, handouts, manuals. Monitoring, Research an d EvaluationThe quality level of separately health facility, including the deficiencies of those not yet SS certified, are monitored to detect the increasing average quality level and the needs for assistance. Research is used to develop meliorate quality standards program components and training packages and top evaluate the SS achievements. Organization and Functions The National Sentrong Sigla Certification committee (National SSC Committee) sewrves as the multi sector body that oversees policy recommendations and coordinates the unhomogeneous activities of SS.This committee also assesses the performance of the various subcommittees and DOH units involved in the implementation of the strategy. The subcommittees of the National SSC Committee with their respective functions are as follows * gun for hire Committee on Standards and Procedures 1. devises and recommends standards and procedures for Sentrong Sigla certification, as well as basic messages to various stakeholders, through multi sector consultation and pilot testing and taking into regard other quality initiatives and accreditation programs of other agencies in the country. 2.Develops and disseminates guidelines on SS implementation to DOH staff at all levels. 3. Coordinates training of various stakeholders on standards, procedures and basic messages. 4. put to deaths other functions as relevant to the development and dissemination of standards and procedures in SS. * cuneus Committee on Technical Assistance and Monitoring Assists the DOH Regional Offices / CHDs in the following functions 1. Dissemination of SS standards, procedures, guidelines, and basic messages to the other members of the health sector such as the local government units (LGUs) and private practitioners, among others. 2.Development of training assistance packages, systems and tools that will facilitate the attainment of SS standards. 3. Coordination of various sectors involved in the SS quality assessment of health fa cilities. 4. Development of monitoring tools and performance indicators and analysis of the SS results of the database for all health care facilities (certified and not yet certified). 5. Monitoring of the achievement of identified SS program indicators of performance. 6. Identification and coordination of grants and projects that will facilitate the SS certification of target health facilities and systems in the country. . Other functions necessary to assist the LGUs and other members of the health sector in attaining SS quality standards. * gun for hire Committee on Advocacy and Awards 1. Designs and recommends revised, graduated incentives scheme that puts emphasis on excellence rather than monetary incentives. 2. Identifies and mobilizes specie and partners in order to deliver these incentives. 3. Develops projects to facilitate SS certification of target health facilities and systems and performs the necessary processes to get these projects approved and implemented efficien tly. 4.Advocates for multi sector participation in the SS program based on the basic messages developed by the Standards and Procedures Sub Committee with emphasis on the quality improvement benefits to different sectors involved. 5. Performs other functions necessary to make the SS incentives cerebrate on the excellence and to sustain interest and participation in the certification strategy. Functions of the DOH Regional Offices / CHDs in SS Certification In addition to the technical assistance functions mentioned under the Sub Committee on Technical Assistance and Monitoring, the DOH Regional Offices shall 1.Organize Regional SS Assessment Teams and SS Technical Assistance Team. 2. Advocate for SS certification within their respective regions. 3. reveal and mobilize resources and partners to help enhance the attractiveness of the SS incentives scheme without putting too much emphasis on monetary or material rewards. 4. Develop regional projects that will promote and facilitat e SS certification and active partnership. 5. Perform other functions as necessary to implement SS certification and quality improvement activities within the health sector.National Structure for Sentrong Sigla Certification Regional Structure for SS Certification Financing SS activities are funded from multiple sources. The BLHD provides funds for SS national trading operations, including national advocacy and the activities of the National SSC Committee. Regional Health Offices provide the funds for regional operations including regional advocacy, matching grants and other rewards such as the SS seals, certificates and trophies. BLHD may sum up the funds of regions that seek financial assistance.BLHD, in coordination with DOH financing units, monitors selected financial indicators for SS certification such as funds allocated and disbursed at all levels, including counterpart funds from LGUs. Future Directions SS Certification is anticipate to further develop in many directions. The quality standards are expected to reflect higher levels of quality and other changes through the years. Assessors and TAs will have to be retained as these changes are incorporated. New programs and new or revised protocols may be added in the core list. Future standards may be developed to cover other units in the LGU and the community.Within 2007, initiatives shall include preparations for expansion of the coverage of SS certification into private outpatient health facilities and the development of Level 2 and 3 standards. In the future, it is also expected that the Licensing requirements would eventually absorb the safety standards currently in SS. PHIC developed standards for hospital services are expected to become the SS standards for hospitals. Definition of hurt 1. Quality degree of excellence or desirability of a product, normally measured in relation to conformity with given standard. 2. QualityControl (QC) set of functions knowing to insure quality in manufactur ed products by relying on biweekly inspection of finished products, analysis of results of inspection to determine causes of defects and systematic remotion of such causes. 3. Quality Assurance (QA) set of functions designed to insure quality in manufactured products by preventive or pre emptive removal of potential sources of defects through constant improvement of production technology, engineering design, materials, processes, equipment and workmanship. 4. Quality way (QM) the organization wide pursuit of quality. . Quality Improvement (QI) the broad all encompassing generic term for processes involve in the continuing pursuit to improve quality. 6. Performance Improvement a type of QI focused on the systematic and continuing improvement of organizational performance in order to achieve total quality. 7. Total Quality Management (TQM) the pursuit of quality that involves not just the production organization but also its clients and customers, suppliers and sub contra ctors, competitors and oversight agencies in the market, and all other stakeholders in the community. 8.Total Quality the ultimate goal in improvement which involves doing the adjust thing right the first time and all the time while meeting the needs of internal and external stakeholders and customers. 9. 1998 Quality Assurance Program refers to DOH quality program formulated in 1998 that is focused on improving the DOH LGU partnership to provide quality health services. The QAP started the certification and recognition strategy for improving health services in health centers, rural health units and baranggay health stations. The Sentrong Sigla Movement replaced the QAP. 10.Sentrong Sigla Movement the term used in 1999 to refer to the 1998 QAP. The SSM is essentially the same as the 1998 QAP, with some minor revisions like the comprehension of local hospitals in the certification and the listing of 4 pillars to support the process. This term was also used to refer to other qua lity related concepts such as the quality improvement philosophy, the multi sector nature of CQI, and the value changes in CQI. The Philippine QIH Program replaced the SSM. 11. QIH Program refers to the Philippine Quality in Health Program, the current quality improvement program (AO 17 B s. 003) that replaced the QAP and the SSM. The QIH has expanded the scope of the quality initiatives to involve the entire health sector, not only the DOH and the LGU services, and now includes the licensing and other efforts such as accreditation by PHIC or other professional societies in its strategies. 12. Sentrong Sigla Certification refers to the strategy of assessing health facilities against established health services criteria and recognizing those that successfully meet the criteria. The certification process is expected to lead to changes in the health facility when they strive to meet the criteria. 13.SS Quality Standards List (QSL) the list of basic SS criteria to be met by health facilities. In SS Phase II, the QSL for Level 1 certification includes input, process and output criteria. 14. SS Facility Certification Form (FCF) the form that is used in the formal assessment of health facilities. The FCF contains standards that will be measured by the SS Assessor and the method by which these will be measured. It also works as the win sheet. 15. Supervisory Form (SF) the form used by the health facility supervisor (the nurse or the physician) in assessing the capability of his / her health staff, ordinarily midwives.This contains the standards that are measured mostly through direct observation of provider client interactions and in depth review and analysis of records. 16. Inputs the resources needed to provide care or services such as staff, equipment and supplies. 17. Processes a series of activities or tasks. 18. Outcomes the result of the processes. Conclusion In 2001, according to the World Bank, The quality of service varies between different ty pes of health facilities with the facilities providing better quality of service to be more heavily utilized by the individuals from the higher income groups.Public health facilities such as the rural health units and barangay health stations are generally perceived to provide low quality health services. a few(prenominal) have emphasized the quality of services and most systematic efforts to improve based on findings about the delivery process have been moderate to health facilities with adequate resources. Everybody deserves to receive quality health care. Whether you came from the poorest of the poor or the richest of the rich, there should be a same level of quality care. Sadly, here in the Philippines, the quality of health care services and counsel system has been widely deficient.With this in mind, quality improvement in health system needs to be organized systematically to bring about genuine health systems reform. We should change the general perception that the Philipp ines have fragmented planning, funding, and management of the quality initiatives. And in order to achieve this thus achieving quality health care there should be coordination and collaboration between the government, NGOs, and the community. And it shouldnt break-dance there. In order to achieve excellence in health services, it should be remembered that the quest for quality health care is continuous.Honestly, Im not really aware what Sentrong Sigla Movement is. I dont know what it is for, how was it being implemented, etc. Because of the limited knowledge I have, and the lack of information and resources, I have decided to visit DOH and ask for information. I have learned that the Sentrong Sigla Movement has been halt in the year 2007, and only reached the Level 2 where trainings have been conducted but there was no implementation. It is stopped because of the PHIC Bench Book, where it is just the same as the Sentrong Sigla Movement, because the DOH also included most of the inputs in the said proposal.Unfortunately, it is still not being implemented, notion it has been revised and just waiting for the sign and review of the Secretary of DOH. I guess, the lack of funds has a major impact why an important program such as Sentrong Sigla was being stopped. But I am sure that there will be always a quest for excellence in providing health care services. I wish that there will come a time that it will not weigh if youre in a public or private hospital for they are providing same quality care.Nevertheless, we should remember that the success of quality initiatives lies in producing change the way people and organization work rather than concentrating standards and measurement alone. Bibliography * Cuevas, F. P. , Reyala, J. , Borja, V. , Serafica, L. , Manlangit, C. , Mendoza, M. T. , Ramos, L. , Ruzol, C. , Soliman, R. , Aricheta, J. , Garfin, A. M. C. , Niola, R. , Bocobo, M. , Hipolito, H. (2007). Public Health Nursing in the Philippines 10th Edition. * http//www. doh. gov. ph/sentrong_sigla

Boston Beer HBS Case

Disadvantages of an PIP The company will face underwriting approach associated with the PIP. A failed PIP could be costly both in financial assets and in firm reputation. Complying with regulatory reporting standards will create special costs that atomic number 18 not present in a cloistered company. Incorporating the company may have negative tax implications for the current owners. underway sh beholders who do not exit during the PIP will face foul dilution. Management control will decrease because of fiduciary duties to dealholders. This could conflict with the companys fruit quality processes and result in a shift toward a short-run earnings focus.Conclusion Although their contract brew model reduces evaluate capital expenditures, their crowd and merchandiseing intensive sales strategy will require considerable spending to expand into new marts. To meet projected development, external property will be needed. Raising these funds entirely from debt would create an insufferable level of debt for a still festering company thus loveliness funding is the preferred option. The company has reached a maturity point where candor can much easily and cheaply raised in universal capital markets rather than through venture or private rightfulness firms.Additionally, publicity room the PIP will help with brand identification in new markets. Given the upstart success of competitor Ipso and capital of Massachusetts Beers profit margin and growth potential, the risk of a failed PIP is minimal, and some current shareholders intend to sell shares in the PIP reducing dilution concerns. capital of Massachusetts Beer should proceed with the PIP. Question 3-5 (Exhibit 3) 1995 Pro Formal Net Sales all in all pro formal sales rely upon the assumption that net sales as of September 30, 1 995 represent 75% of expected year-end revenue.Because the firms PIP will most likely have a more positive impact on Q sales than his estimation projects, if anything, t he scathes generated by our models are underestimated, not overestimated. Cost of Debt BBC explains in its prospectus intent to extinguish bully debt carrying interest rates upwards of 1 1 . 5%. base upon the firms low target leverage of 5%, low degree of operating(a) leverage, and favorable credit history and financial outlook, the model assumes a cost of debt in line with AAA corporate debt at 7. 2%. This estimate seems reasonable and sensitivity analysis shows a 1% decrease in the forecasted share price requires at least a 2. % increase in the cost of debt. Risk Free Rate The six- month and 30-year treasury rates abandoned imply a plumb flat yield curve. Due to the relatively short forecast period and the short-term risk characteristics of this industry, the model uses the six- month rate as the risk free rate in work out the cost of equity. 995 Net Working Capital Requirement In prescribe to calculate the change in NC over 1 996, the model assumes sasss year-end NC is co mposed of the existing September 30, 1 995 balance plus Of tail quarter net sales due to the firms dimensionnalization strategy. CAP historic analysis shows an average 3. 3% capital intensity ratio. Based on a likely decrease in efficiency due to rapid expansion, the model forecasts a 3% capital intensity ratiothis includes cut back investments (Exhibit 1).Depreciation Depreciation was not included in the calculation of free specie flows because net CAP was used. 1995 Value of Debt Boston Beers debt is private, so the market treasure will be very similar to, if not exactly the similar as, its book judge. Question The underwriting prospectus for the PIP suggests a share price of $12. 50 per hare, which is the starting point for analyzing the different scenarios. In order to specify the scenario that was most realistic, we attempted to rule out the ones that were not and a synopsis of our analysis is found in Exhibit 4. 1) First we analyzed the discipline asymmetry in the PIP. The offering presents information about almost 1. 5 million shares offered in the PIP from current stockholders. It is unlikely that management are willing to offer shares at $12. 50 if the fair market value really is $29 per share, thus weakening the belief in the s scenario. 2) Analysts previsions and comparable metrics. Analysts are generally very positive in regards to the trickery create from raw stuff Segment, expecting continued growth in 1995.A fusty market share estimate of 5% of the total domestic beer market by 2000 compared to further 1. 4% in 1994. In addition, both Pet?s Brewing Company and Redbook Ale Brewery have recently completed successful Pips resulting in growing share prices. These factors both build up expectations for Bibs upcoming PIP and are likely to be incorporated in Bibs PIP price. This might cogitate that BBC will be trading at a slight expectation premium above what the fair value of the company is, thus change the reliability of the firs t scenario with a stock price of $12. 3. In addition, by comparing PIE ratios of Pets Brewing Company, 1 00, and Redbook Ale Brewery, 36, with BBC for the three different scenarios weakens the third scenario because of an implied PIE ratio of 17. 9, which is below both of the two comparable companies. The first scenario giving an implied P/E ratio of 41. 9 and the second scenario showing an implied PIE ratio of 99. 9 are tooth around the two competitors PIE ratios, strengthening the plausibility of these scenarios when looking at the P/E ratio isolated. 3) We also used industry growth trends to compare the expected sales of BBC in 2000, considering a constant market share, to the 2000 sales forecasted in each scenario. The results allowed us to rule out the third scenario because the sales forecasted in 2000 are less than half of what we would expect with conservative assumptions of the craft industry growth. The other two scenarios were fairly close to the expected revenues in 2000 . 4) The second scenario was control out when analyzing the growth trends of BBC in recent geezerhood.BBC has already undergone rapid growth and we expect that high growth anatomy to taper Off sooner rather than later. Ten more years Of high growth is unreasonable and unrealistic. Lastly, the second scenario can be ruled out again when looking at revenues projected for 2006. If the craft brewing industry grew to ten percent of the total domestic beer market by 2006, which is an aggressive assumption, then BBC would have to double its current percentage of market share in the craft industry. We also find that assumption fairly unreasonable due to the competitive nature of the craft industry this instant and into the future.

Aztec Culture

Research Paper Aztec Culture The Aztec flori stopping point dates all the instruction back to the 13th century. Some say that a few Aztec stack as further survive, although they are not exactly light. Their culture was derived from South America. In this research paper the plan is to inform and explain to the teacher that the Aztec were an noble host of citizenry for their time full stop because they were so advanced in science, agriculture and were far much civilized than population from other regions had anticipate during that time period. What caused the collapse of such a refined empire? base on to authorities and political systems, the Aztec lots started off with what is called the Calpulli the staple fiber unit of g all overnment. Each group is do up of multiple families and these families take in husbandry in concert. Whoever is do the attraction of the Calpulli group is in charge and answer fit for all the needs of everyone in the group. They set up wh at is called telpochalli cultivate for the popular citizens. Leaders of these groups collect taxes as well. Although in cities the Calpulli leader is less family ground and more about the region and surroundings (Cotrill).The next section of their government goes on to the nobility and councils. People in the nobility and council held a dance band of power in society further they were not automatically ordain in government positions. Every city had a Calpulli and each Calpulli has a leader. All of the leaders from each group made up a council, these held a lot of the power in their government system. In the previous(predicate) to middle 1400s in that location were 3 principal(prenominal) city-states that held the most power. The 3 city-states together were called the Triple Alliance, which was located in Mexico Valley. Each of these had a name in that respect was, Tenochtitlan, Texaco, and Tlacopan.Tenochtitlan came to dominate the whole empire itself. For each council an executive council is formed inwardly it. Four members are chosen to lead one of these chosen members is the tlat cannisteri leader of the city. Finally we come to the Huey Tlatcani which means great speaker. This person led the city, and was worship as a god and in like manner considered the emperor (Cotrill). The emperor was back up by judges, governors, hosts of other officials, and priests. Even though the emperor was given infinite power in some sort of form, sometimes people also had a say. Emperors were chosen in a partially democratic system, message they ould be removed from power at any time. Archaeologists and historians are uncertain of how any certain Aztec person was chosen to get the position of Huey Tlatcani. It was not hereditary but it did suck some affaire to do with family lines. The control of the Aztec empire did not go everywhere in Mexico. Lands that the Aztec people conquered and claimed as their own did sport to pay a price of tribute to them, bu t still had a certain amount of freedom. The gain of demean was accomplished by warriors fashioning attacks on surrounding field of studys, where they also took sacrificial prisoners.Most of the time, when villages, towns or cities were captured by the Aztec, it was an fillip bringing more trade and better unspoilts to be traded along with infrastructure. So where in history did the Aztec contribute to us? Well to start, they didnt deal twenty different ones, they had about 5. The first one of these is onions and horses and this is not technically an invention or contribution but it was introduced to them by the Spaniards. Education was not seen as a must or a need by most countries during their time, yet the Aztec people made it mandatory.Unlike in countries today there are rules and regulations to education. In some countries you cant go to school if you are a girl, yet in others it doesnt matter what finish you are. Black, white, poor, rich, middle crystalize, low class, it didnt matter to the Aztec. School was for everyone (Cotrill). Another thing introduced was popcorn, yes, popcorn. It was first used by the Aztec people for head dresses and for honoring the theology of Maize and Fertility this god is also named Tlaloc. This item was not eaten until eld later and was importantly popular for Aztec use only.Foods are important in understanding cultures a second from the Aztec was chocolate. Where would you be today without it? This item was exceedingly valued by them and was used as a currency. They also demanded chocolate tree beans which played a part in the tributes they made to their gods. A crispen was made from the chocolate that the Aztec called xocoatl meaning bitter water, this word was actually invented by the Aztec people themselves (Cotrill). The Aztec culture brought about chewing gum and instead of career it gum or something of the sort they called it chicle gum which is what some Mexican vendors still all it today. Although, when the Spaniards showed up they destroyed their trading routes and the gum or chicle disappeared with it. The item didnt show back up for another 350 years. Aztec people were actually good with medicinal drug and knew some things about it. For the time period they were living in they were considered to be advanced. One of the main things they had used for medicine was called antispasmodic medicine this helped to pr sluicet muscle spasms. It could be useful during surgeries and was made from what is still growing today and that is a passion flush.The passion flower is still used as an herbal remedy which is believed to help insomnia, advanced phone line pressure, and epilepsy. The Aztec culture was not a poor one. The Aztec were simple in materialing, but not in economy. They were very rich as a country and would mother been considered a first world country. Though their culture seemed simple since they wore little and lived simple lives they were very smart, Aztec people kne w of value, and of money. Cocoa beans were the main form of money, which was used the most. A single rabbit would cost 30 cocoa beans.Something common in their trading system was to trade a child, most likely a daughter, for 600 cocoa beans. This should not come as a surprise since they also made human sacrifices to honor their gods. in that location was another fictional character of money used, though not as often. It was reckon by the Aztec people and was highly valued. This form of money was called quachtli. Quachtli is a type of cloth used to make clothes. Legends say that during the time of the Aztec 10 pieces of this cloth was enough to support an Aztec for 6 months in the big city of Tenochtitlan (Cotrill).Trade was a major source of the Aztecs income. The biggest trading market was located in Tlatelco. The Tlatelco had a large variety of goods which made it the most accommodating for people, over 60,000 came per day to visit. Whatever you wanted or needed was found here, cloth, corn, seeds, spices, pottery, etcetera Not all villagers grew crops which led to other Aztec people macrocosm able to specialize in other trades. Some of the trades included were feather workers, muffin workers, lapidary, and metallurgy workers. The economy of this culture came to a slow halt as in brief as the Spaniards arrived.They destroyed trading routes, cities, took control, and made rules. Fighting with the Spaniards caused the Aztec people no time to grow crops and this was the start of the downturn for their economy. A somewhat discussed repress that were moving forward on is the social system of the Aztec people. They did not have very complex social system, just two main groups. The first group is the higher ranked of the two. Nobles, which were called pipiltin and pilli for singular usage made up the higher status people of the Aztec culture.The people in this group received a more extent education than other people in the culture. Also, these people were al lowed to decorate their houses to their choosing and wear superior clothes compared to that of the modal(a) people of the town, village, or community they were living in. Nobles mostly held places in the representation of government, but not all, some were craftsmen of different sorts, and a few were even the palace servants. Even if they were given a lower ranked area of work it was possible to move up to a new or more suited position just by doing a good job at what was presently assigned.Second to the Nobles were the Commoners or what were called by the Aztec macehualli, which these were the people who worked the grease of the area. Not all people worked the land, albeit some were stuck working land unendingly you could also move up a bit in this class with some hard work. The poor of this class could sell themselves and become a slave, in the end working off their debt. Slaves were not treated badly at all, they even had laws that firmly protected them. Commoners also inclu ded craftsmen and merchants.The merchants were given more opportunity and could travel, sell, trade, and were given more respect than most in this class. Soldiers can be included in both classes because even if they started out at a low rank they could work their way up to being a noble, and become a pilli. The classification of the Aztec culture is fairly simple. They were rich. Aztec people possessed many, many, manyimportant goods that you could not easily get around the world. Being a first world country was not exactly and easy task.Unbeknownst to them though, was that they had predators lurking in the shadows (Spaniards) that wanted their gold, cocoa beans, and much more. Their society and area was highly valued. Plus, the land they lived on was not known by many people and had not been explored. Aztec people were civilized, eminent, smart, cunning, and ethical, but their empire did fall. Not all things last everlastingly as history shows us. Spaniards eventually came in sear ch of new land and treasures such as gold, upon which they found the Aztec people. Invaded on November of 1519 the Aztec people welcomed the Spaniards.Cortes was a Spanish conquistador looking to conquer them. At first, the outcome looked to be in the favor of the Aztec people, but because their religion called for sacrificing hundreds to thousands of people they lost many of their own that could have been used in battle. The Spaniards brought the smallpox disease with them, which was not purposely but did favor Cortes side when the time came for battle. Twenty-five percent of the Aztec people died from smallpox. By 1520 the Aztec people were low on food, and still dying of the smallpox disease, eventually it claimed their emperors life.In 1521 Cortes finally conquered them and they surrendered. In conclusion, even though the pure Aztec race was ruined by a change in their culture from the Spaniards invasion there are descendants left, but with little Aztec blood in them. The legen ds told, pottery, huts, temples, and much more still remain in Mexico. deportment in their society was very well planned and put together, yet when the Spaniards arrived that all changed. Disease, death, famine, and much more caused them to lose hold of their culture. They went from being the richest in their country to being slaves and commoners to the Spaniard conquistadores.A lot of their culture was destroyed with the invasion so most researchers have little to go on. The possibilities of how different their society would have been if the Spaniards were defeated, or had never come into contact with the Aztec people are infinite. References Aztec preservation. edublogs. edublog, 9 Mar. 2011. google. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. . (Aztec Economy edublog) Aztec Economic and Trade System. PLU. Pacific Lutheran University, n. d. google. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. . (Pacific Lutheran University) Baquedano, Elizabeth. Aztec, Inca, and Maya. Eyewitness Books, 1993. Baquedano) Cottrill, Jaime. Aztec- History. Ed. Jaime Cottrill. , 2006. Google. Web. 10 Oct. 2011. . (Cotrill) Outline I. Intro a. Aztec Culture b. In this research paper the plan is to inform and explain to the teacher that the Aztec were an brilliant group of people for their time period because they were so advanced in science, agriculture and were far more civilized than people from other regions had fake during that time period. II. Political System III. Major Contributions to Human History IV. Economy V. Social System VI. Classification VII. Reasons for Success/Destruction VIII. Conclusion

Normative ethics Essay

Meta c everywhere angiotensin-converting enzymeous school of curtilageght talks ab give away the nature of cleanity and good grounding. Discussions about whether moral philosophy is relative and whether we always flirt from self-concern argon fashion models of meta-ethical interchanges. In fact, move the conceptual distinction betwixt Meta morals, prescriptive value orientations, and apply Ethics is itself a metaethical analysis. Normative ethics is interested in determining the content of our moral behavior. Normative ethical theories seek to reserve movement-guides procedures for answering the Practical interrogation (What ought I to do? ).The moral theories of Kant and Bentham be utilisations of normative theories that seek to provide guidelines for determining a specific course of moral action. Think of the matt Imperative in the case of the former and the Principle of Utility in the case of the latter. Applied Ethics attempts to deal with specific real ms of human action and to craft criteria for discussing issues that might arise within those realms. The modern-day field of Applied Ethics arouse in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Today, it is a thriving part of the field of ethics.Numerous books and web-sites be devoted to topics to a greater extent than(prenominal) as Business Ethics, Computer Ethics, and Engineering Ethics. Ethical Relativism Distinctions within Relativism in that location is a distinction between morals and mores. The latter place be defined as harmless customs (e. g. , tea at 4) the former as treatment of new(prenominal)s (e. g. , the practice of Apartheid). In discussing Relativism, we be relate only when with moral practices. The Problem of Relativism What oneness conjunction considers Right, a nonher partnership considers Wrong.Therefore, RIGHT AND WRONG are RELATIVE to a PARTICULAR SOCIETY. hither we need to be aware of two things (1) Conf employ harmless conventions (The British drive on t he left side of the road) with harmful practices (Clitorectomy is customary among the Somali). (2) regular(a) if moralities may differ from society to society, it need non follow that morals Itself is relative for there is a further distinction between heathenish (descriptive) RELATIVISM and NORMATIVE (Ethical) RELATIVISM.Cultural (descriptive) Relativism The descriptive relativist patently notes certain sociological FACTS (a) F positive Claims x is considered even out in fraternity y at time t and x is considered persecute in Society z at time t. (b) Empirical Conclusion Moralities are relative Note that the claims of Cultural Relativism are either true or false. Normative (ethical) Relativism The normative relativist goes BEYOND some(prenominal) sociological facts.(a) Normative Claim What is considered set in Society x at time t IS salutary for that Society. (b) Theoretical (metaethical) Claim Morality Itself is Relative. Note that ethical relativism does not logic whollyy follow from both truths uncovered by descriptive relativism. Note likewise that the ethical relativist has a hard time explaining how radical moral qualifying goat go across within a certain society (as with thralldom or womens suffrage in the United States). Ethical expedience Psychological and Ethical Egoism.As a metaethical conjecture of motivation, psychological egotism asserts the descriptive claim that all of our actions can be reduced to self-interest Whenever people do numerousthing, it is only because they think something desirable for themselves pass on gist from it. The claim is descriptive and thus open to counterexamples, and it is broad, stating a reductionistic thesis regarding all of our actions. (Contrast psychological egoism with the psychological state of sympathy, where the weal and woe of the other becomes the motive for our action.)Ethical egoism is a normative opening that states that our actions ought to be done from the perspective of self-interest. One of the problems with this position is that it might not be in ones self-interest to have eveyone act from the perspective of self-interest. This state of nature would not be desirable (in Hobbes terms, vitality would be beastly, brutal, and short) and so it might netly be in ones self-interest to enter into a contract with others that would say restraints upon self-interested actions.Utilitarian Theories Utilitarianism Utilitarianism is a normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong(p) solely on the outcomes (consequences) of choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies. As much(prenominal), it moves beyond the scope of ones own interests and takes into tarradiddle the interests of others. Benthams Utility Principle (1)Recognizes the funda psychic graphic symbol of nuisance and pleasance in human liveliness, (2) approves or disapproves of an action on the priming coat of the amount of unhinge or joyfulness brought abo ut i.e, consequences, (3) equates good with pleasure and evil with pain, and (4) asserts that pleasure and pain are confident of quantification (and hence pulsation).In measuring pleasure and pain, Bentham introduces the following criteria INTENSITY, DURATION, CERTAINTY (or UNCERTAINTY), and its NEARNESS (or FARNESS). He overly takes its fecundity (will more of the same follow? ) and its purity (its pleasure wont be followed by pain & wickedness versa). In considering actions that affect numbers of people, we must also account for its EXTENT. tin Stuart loaf adjusted the more hedonistic scatencies in Benthams philosophy by emphasizing (1) It is not the quantity of pleasure, scarcely the quality of gaiety that is central to utilitarianism, (2) the calculus is unreasonable qualities cannot be quantified (there is a distinction between higher and lower pleasures), and (3) utilitarianism refers to the Greatest Happiness Principle it seeks to promote the susceptibility of achieving happiness (higher pleasures) for the most amount of people (this is its extent). Act and harness Utilitarianism.We can apply the traffic pattern of utility to either PARTICULAR ACTIONS or GENERAL RULES. The former is battle cryed act-utilitarianism and the latter is called rule-utilitarianism. Act-utilitarianism The principle of utility is applied today to each alternative act in a situation of superior. The right act is then defined as the one which brings about the beaver results (or the least amount of bad results). * Criticisms of this meet point to the difficulty of attaining a full knowledge and certainly of the consequences of our actions.* It is possible to justify immoral acts using AU Suppose you could end a regional war by torturing children whose fathers are enemy soliders, thus revealing the hide outs of the fathers. Rule-utilitarianism The principle of utility is used to determine the validity of rules of conduct (moral principles). A rule like pro mise-keeping is established by looking at the consequences of a serviceman in which people broke promises at will and a human beings in which promises were binding. Right and wrong are then defined as following or breaking those rules.* Some criticisms of this position point out that if the Rules take into account more and more exceptions, RU collapses into AU. * More genearl criticisms of this view argue that it is possible to generate unjust rules harmonise to the principle of utility. For example, thraldom in Greece might be right if it led to an overall action of cultivated happiness at the expense of some mistreated individuals. Deontological Theories acting from Duty Deontological normative ethical theories place the locus of right and wrong in autonomous adherence to moral laws or duties.Monistic deontology Kants Categorical Imperative (Act only on that maxim whereby thou canst at the same time will that it should become a ecumenical law) provides the source of right action. Its first formulation states Act as if the maxim of your action were to secure by your will a oecumenic law of nature its second formulation states Always act so as to treat humanity, whether in your own somebody or that of another, as an end in itself, never as a means only. Actions that aline to these imperatives (i. e., right actions) and are, furthermore, done from a sense of duty, are the epitome of chastely praiseworthy actions. Critics of Kants barbel claim that his Categorical Imperative does not contain within it a way to resolve conflicts of duties. Lying is wrong can be insureed as Never lie and thus Universal Principles can harden into Absolute Principles. Pluralistic deontology For the 20th century philosopher W. D. Ross, there are a number of duties that reflection reveals and these form a group of prima facie obligations.The phrase prima facie (all things being cost) refers to the fact that these duties do not bind us absolutely, yet instead that they generally hold absent any further considerations. Two reveal duties are non maleficence (dont harm others) and beneficence ( aid others). Other prima facie duties include dont lie, dont kill, keep promises, etc. When conflicts carry on between duties, our actual duty becomes that which intuitive judgment discerns as the right thing to do (e. g. , lying to save the life of an innocent someone).Critics are cautious about referring to intuition as the criterion for determining our actual course of action. Stephen Toulmin suggested that we weigh up, as well as we can, the risks involved in ignoring either, and choose the lesser of two evils. Thus, while the principles may be deontic in nature, a resolution of conflicts of principles could salute to probable consequences. sexual abstention Ethics historic Perspective There is a long tradition in ethics that places great importance on the kind of person one is. We not only want those plastered to us to tell the truth (for ex ample, according to the Categorical Imperative), exactly also to be honest. Both Aristotle (arete) and Aquinas (virtu) forceful this aspect of ethics by highlighting the role of what we would today call purpose in their discussions of ethics (and the classic sexual moralitys of courage, justice, and moderation). David Hume also gave virtue and personal merit a key role in his ethical theory. The new-made revival of interest in virtue ethics can be traced back to Philippa Foot.She writes that a persons virtue may be judged by his innermost desires as well as by his intentions and this fits with our judgement that a virtue much(prenominal) as generosity lies as much in someones attitudes as in his actions . The Moral fancy of Virtue We should distinguish the virtues tack together in a particular society or culture (e. g. , chastity) from those virtues that can be supported by moral reasoning (e. g. , honesty). A virtue is a trait of character that is affectionately valued, a nd a moral virtue is a trait that is chastely valuedMoral reasons must support a claimof moral virtue .By emphasizing the priority of character in discussions of ethics, virtue theorists can say rather than using rules and government regulations to protect subjects in research, some claim that the most reliable protection is the presence of an informed, conscientious, compassionate, responsible detective. The underlying view here is that character is more chief(prenominal) than uniformity to rules and that virtues should be inculcated and cultivated over time through educational interactions, role models, etc.A practical consequence of this view is that the education of, for example medical doctors, should include the cultivation of virtues such as compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, integrity, conscientiousness as well as benevolence (desire to help) and nonmalevolence (desire to avoid harm). Critical military rank of Virtue Ethics Often times we encounter morality betwe en strangers (as when one enters an Emergency Room after a car accident). At these times, its not the persons character, but his/her need to follow rules and procedures that expect to come to the forefront (Virtue is not enough).Furthermore, persons of good character can certainly formulate bad policy or get to a poor choice and we need to evaluate those policies and choices according to moral principles. Constructive Evaluation of Virtue Ethics Yet ethical theory is more complete if the virtues are includedmotives deserve to be at center stage in a way that some leading(p) traditional theories have inadequately appreciated To look at acts without also looking at the moral appropriateness and desir exponent of feelings, attitudes, forms of sympathy, and the like is to look out on a large area of the moral picture (B&C, quaternate Ed., 69)Liberal Rights and Communitarian Theories Today we frequently find moral problems framed by perspectives derived from political philosop hy. Issues like euthanasia, stem cell research and abortion as well as distributive justice concerns such as affectionate security and medicare, are likely to be seen along the munificent/ standpat(prenominal) divide. Traditional moral theories need to take these frameworks into consideration. Will Kymlickas inception to Political Philosophy provides analyses of the philosophical ideas crapper the ideological tump overs that now twine many topics in moral philosophy.Of particular value is his discussion of liberal equality, libertarianism, and communitarianism. Liberal equality is often associated with the work on John Rawls in his surmise of Justice. It argues that we should rationally affirm two fundamental principles of justice intentional to protect our political liberties and accessible opportunities. It can be directly contrasted with the libertarian ideas found in Robert Nozicks Anarchy, State, and Utopia. Nozick challenges Rawlss approach to social inequalities and argues for a minimalist state.But twain authors (and their followers) conceive of individuals as Socratic in nature, capable of reasoning about their life plan and questioning, in principle, the world around them. In this sense, they are two liberals in the tradition of John Stuart Mills essay, On Liberty. For liberals, the question about the good life requires us to make a judgment about what sort of a person we wish to be. Thus liberals will emphasize the role of choice and freedom from government interference in private matters.For communitarians, on the other hand, individuals are not atomistic, unencumbered selves individuals are situated within a community, embedded in the received wisdom of our human culture. Communal value are authoritative horizons wherein we take our orientation toward life . The self is not prior to, but rather constituted by, its ends we cannot distinguish me from my ends and our selves are at least partly constituted by ends that we do not choose, but rather discover by virtue of our being embedded in some shared social context .Since self-determination does not occur in a vacuum, the government needs to support a social environment that is conducive to the development of what is best in all of us. For those communitarians who are social conservatives, this will often take the form of a advance family values that can, for example, discourage changes in the institution of marriage. Broadly speaking, these two positions account for the divide between liberals and social conservatives in dealing with matters such as abortion and euthanasia. In these situations, liberals ladder to become pro-choice and social conservatives tend to become pro-life. ***** As is to be expected in a modern, pluralistic democracy, many of these issues are addressed in the political realm and through the political process (including the courts). But the kinds of cases that arise within these areas should also be addressed within the framework of appl ied ethics as a way to get clearer about the nature of the problem and its potential for resolution. Indeed, we often see analyses found in applied ethics, such as the concept of a person in the morally significant sense or the distinction between killing and allowing to die, embedded in the political debate itself.Ethics of Care In the 1970s and 80s feminist writers began to question the assumptions behind many of the traditional ethical theories. Carol Gilligans work in moral psychology challenged justice-based approaches to moral discussion men tend to press an ethic of rights using quasi-legal terminology and impartial principles women tend to affirm an ethic of care that centers on responsiveness in an interconnected network of needs, care, and bar dwell of harm. Taking care of others is the core notion. Annette Baiers philosophical account of an ethics of care does not recommend that we discard categories of obligation, but that we make room for an ethic of love and trust, including an account of human bonding and friendship. In both of these accounts, there is a specific criticism of Traditional Liberal Theory and its emphasis on impartiality and universality The impartiality and the standpoint of destitute fairness advocated by liberal theories of justice, overlook, for example, the moral role of attachment to those close to us.Speaking from the perspective of medical ethics, The care perspective is peculiarly meaningful for roles such as parent, friend, physician, and nurse, in which contextual result, attentiveness to subtle clues, and the intensify of special relationships are likely to be more momentous morally than impartial treatment In articulating the challenge to universal principles, Beauchamp and Childress write We can produce rough generalizations about how caring physicians and nurses respond to patients, for example, but these generalizations will not be subtle enough to give helpful directioning for the next patient.Each situati on calls for a set of responses outside any generalization. Proponents of an Ethics of Care emphasize the roles of Mutual Interdependence and activated Response that play an big part in our moral lives many human relationships involve persons who are vulnerable, dependent, ill, and frail and the desirable moral response is attached attentiveness to needs, not detached respect for rights (B&C, 373) and The person who acts from rule-governed obligations without appropriately aligned feelings such as worry when a friend suffers seems to have a moral deficiency.In addition brainstorm into the needs of others and considerate alertness to their circumstances often come from the emotions more than reason. Thus the emotions seem to have a cognitive role, allowing us to mountain range a situation that may not be warmly obtainable to one arguing solely from a justice perspective. Critical Evaluation of the Care Ethic The example of a nurse who personally wants to help a patient di e, but who will not do so as it violates professional duty, shows that the ethics of care must confront situations in which bona fide requirements of impartiality conflict with acting partially from care. Some feminists actually interpret the care ethic as culturally determined by the male hierarchy. For example, a terminally ill grand mother may request to be allowed to die because she doesnt want to be a vexation to her family. Here someone like Susan Sherwin sees a need to examine the social context of care as well as to establish limits to the ethics of care. Both enterprises would involve appeals to justice Constructive Evaluation of the Care EthicSensitivity and emotional response to particular situations (like family discussions with physicians) provide important guides to morally acceptable actions. A care ethic also seems to favor adopting procedures from contradict Resolution and Dispute Mediation as alternative ways to approach an apparent ethical conflict. Hedonism Th e term hedonism, from the Greek word (hedone) for pleasure, refers to several associate theories about what is good for us, how we should behave, and what motivates us to behave in the way that we do. every hedonistic theories identify pleasure and pain as the only important elements of whatever phenomena they are designed to describe. If hedonistic theories identified pleasure and pain as merely two important elements, instead of the only important elements of what they are describing, then they would call it Hedonism uld not be nearly as unpopular as they all are. However, the claim that pleasure and pain are the only things of ultimate importance is what makes hedonism distinctive and philosophically interesting.Philosophical hedonists tend to focus on hedonistic theories of value, and especially of well-being (the good life for the one living it). As a theory of value, hedonism states that all and only pleasure is intrinsically valuable and all and only pain is intrinsically n ot valuable. Hedonists usually define pleasure and pain broadly, such that both physical and mental phenomena are included. Thus, a gentle massage and recalling a fond memory are both considered to cause pleasure and stubbing a toe and hearing about the death of a loved one are both considered to cause pain.With pleasure and pain so defined, hedonism as a theory about what is valuable for us is intuitively appealing. Indeed, its appeal is evidenced by the fact that nearly all historical and contemporary treatments of well-being allocate at least some space for discussion of hedonism. Unfortunately for hedonism, the discussions rarely endorse it and some even deplore its focus on pleasure. This article begins by clarifying the different types of hedonistic theories and the labels they are often given.Then, hedonisms antiquated origins and its subsequent development are reviewed. The bulk of this article is concerned with describing the important theoretical divisions within Prudenti al Hedonism and discussing the major(ip) criticisms of these approaches. The Origins of Hedonism . a. Aristippus and the Cyrenaics The Cyrenaics, founded by Artistippus were also sceptics and Hedonistic Egoists. Although the paucity of original texts makes it difficult to confidently state all of the justifications for the Cyrenaics positions, their overall stance is clear enough.The Cyrenaics believed pleasure was the ultimate good and everyone should pursue all immediate pleasures for themselves. They considered bodily pleasures better than mental pleasures, presumably because they were more vivid or trustworthy. The Cyrenaics also recommended pursuing immediate pleasures and avoiding immediate pains with scant or no regard for rising consequences. Their reasoning for this is even less clear, but is most plausibly link to their sceptical views perhaps that what we can be most sure of in this uncertain existence is our current bodily pleasures. b.Epicurus Epicurus founder of Epi cureanism, developed a Normative Hedonism in stark contrast to that of Aristippus. The Epicureanism of Epicurus is also quite the diametric to the common usage of Epicureanism while we might like to go on a luxurious Epicurean holiday packed with fine dine and moderately excessive wining, Epicurus would warn us that we are only condition ourselves up for future pain. For Epicurus, happiness was the complete absence of bodily and especially mental pains, including fear of the Gods and desires for anything other than the bare necessities of life.Even with only the moderate excesses of ancient Greece on offer, Epicurus advised his followers to avoid towns, and especially marketplaces, in order to limit the resulting desires for unnecessary things. Once we experience unnecessary pleasures, such as those from sex and rich food, we will then suffer from frightening and hard to satisfy desires for more and better of the same. No matter how rich we might be, Epicurus would argue, our d esires will eventually outstrip our means and interfere with our ability to live tranquil, happy lives.Epicureanism is generally egoistic, in that it encourages everyone to pursue happiness for themselves. However, Epicureans would be unlikely to commit any of the selfish acts we might expect from other egoists because Epicureans train themselves to desire only the very basics, which gives them very little reason to do anything to interfere with the affairs of others. c. The Oyster Example With the exception of a brief period discussed below, Hedonism has been generally unpopular ever since its ancient beginnings.Although criticisms of the ancient forms of hedonism were many and varied, one in particular was heavily cited. In Philebus, Platos Socrates and one of his many foils, Protarchus in this instance, are discussing the role of pleasure in the good life. Socrates asks Protarchus to imagine a life without much pleasure but full of the higher cognitive processes, such as knowledg e, forethought and instinct and to compare it with a life that is the opposite.Socrates describes this opposite life as having arrant(a) pleasure but the mental life of an oyster, pointing out that the subject of such a life would not be able to appreciate any of the pleasure within it. The harrowing thought of living the pleasurable but unthinking life of an oyster causes Protarchus to abandon his hedonistic argument. The oyster example is now easily avoided by clarifying that pleasure is best mute as being a conscious experience, so any angiotensin-converting enzyme that we are not consciously aware of cannot be pleasure.